+Arithmetic unit( đơn vị số học) +Memory(bộ nhớ) +Control(điều khiển) +Interconnect(liên kết nội) giới thiệu: bản chất của việc thiết kế là tạo ra các đường dữ liệu được xây dựng dựa trên các building block cơ bản và được điều khiển bởi các mạch control. và để hiểu rõ hơn thì chúng ta sẽ đi vào tìm hiểu chi tiết như thế nào block diagram chung cho một bộ xử lý số như hình dưới: |
1.Arithmetic unit( đơn vị số học)
+half adder +full adder mạch full adder được xây dựng từ mạch half adder: +Carry Propagate Adder +Carry-Lookahead Adder Gi = AiBi Pi = Ai + Bi Ci = AiBi +(Ai + Bi)Ci–1 = Gi + PiCi–1 trong thiết kế số thì ta dùng kí hiệu chung cho tất cả các mạch cộng như sau: *subtraction *comparator *division Binary division can be performed using the following algorithm for N-bit unsigned numbers in the range [0, 2N-1]:R′ = 0 for i = N-1 to 0 R = {R′ << 1, Ai} D = R - B if D < 0 then Qi = 0, R′ = R // R < B else Qi = 1, R′ = D // R ≥ B R = R′The partial remainder R is initialized to 0. The most significant bit of the dividend A then becomes the least significant bit of R. The divisor B is repeatedly subtracted from this partial remainder to determine whether it fits. If the difference D is negative (i.e., the sign bit of D is 1), then the quotient bit Qi is 0 and the difference is discarded. Otherwise, Qi is 1, and the partial remainder is updated to be the difference. In any event, the partial remainder is then doubled (left-shifted by one column), the next most significant bit of A becomes the least significant bit of R, and the process repeats. The result satisfies A B =Q + R B.Figure 5.20 shows a schematic of a 4-bit array divider. The divider computes A/B and produces a quotient Q and a remainder R. The legend shows the symbol and schematic for each block in the array divider. The signal N indicates whether R - B is negative. It is obtained from the D output of the leftmost block in the row, which is the sign of the difference. The delay of an N-bit array divider increases proportionally to N2because the carry must ripple through all N stages in a row before the sign is determined and the multiplexer selects R or D. This repeats for allN rows. Division is a slow and expensive operation in hardware and therefore should be used as infrequently as possible. *shifter *Multiplier: *ALU An Arithmetic/Logical Unit (ALU) combines a variety of mathematical and logical operations into a single unit. For example, a typical ALU might perform addition, subtraction, magnitude comparison, AND, and OR operations. The ALU forms the heart of most computer systems. 2.Memory
3.Control
|
0 comments:
Post a Comment